These are the vocabulary words you are responsible for from Chapters 4, 5, and 6 (larger-font terms only). Note that you will be held responsible, on exams, for the term names when provided with the definitions (definitions are as found in italics on the pages reached by clicking on terms; exams can consist of more than just vocabulary word definitions, e.g., figure-based questions and bonus questions of various sorts are also permissible).

Use for studying for exam number 2.

Water,  Polar covalent bond,  Polar substance (molecule),  Cohesion,  Adhesion,  Surface tension,  Kinetic energy,  Heat,  Temperature,  Celsius scale,  Calorie,  Kilocalorie (kcal),  Joule,  Specific heat,  Heat of vaporization,  Evaporative cooling,  Solution,  Solvent,  Solute,  Aqueous solution,  Hydration shell,  Hydrophilic,  Colloid,  Hydrophobic,  Nonpolar substance,  Lipid,  Molecular mass,  Mole,  Molarity,  Hydrogen ion,  Hydroxide ion,  Hydronium ion,  Acid,  Base,  pH,  pH buffer,  Ocean acidification,  Acid precipitation,  Selective permeability,  Amphipathic,  Lipid bilayer,  Phospholipid,  Cholesterol,  Fluid mosaic model,  Membrane protein,  Integral (membrane) proteins,  Peripheral (membrane) proteins,  Transmembrane protein,  Glycolipid,  Glycoprotein,  Transport protein,  Nutrient,  Aquaporin,  Diffusion,  Passive diffusion,  Concentration gradient,  Up a concentration gradient,  Down a concentration gradient,  Passive transport,  Osmosis,  Tonicity,  Isotonic solution (Isotonic),  Hypertonic solution (hypertonic),  Hypotonic solution (hypotonic),  Osmoregulation,  Turgidity (turgid),  Flaccidity (flaccid),  Plasmolysis,  Facilitated diffusion,  Ion channel,  Gated channel,  Active transport,  Sodium-potassium pump,  Membrane potential,  Electrochemical gradient,  Electrogenic pump,  Proton pump,  Cotransport,  Exocytosis,  Endocytosis,  Ligand Element,  Compound,  Essential elements,  Trace elements,  Atom,  Neutron,  Proton,  Electron,  Atomic nucleus,  Dalton,  Atomic number,  Mass number,  Atomic mass,  Isotope,  Radioactive isotope,  Energy,  Potential energy,  Electron shell,  Valence electrons,  Valence shell,  Orbital,  Chemical bond,  Metabolism,  Anabolism,  Catabolism,  ATP,  ADP,  Kinetic energy,  Glucose,  Fermentation,  Anaerobic,  Aerobic respiration,  Aerobic,  Cellular respiration,  Mitochondria,  Redox reactions,  Oxidation,  Reduction,  Reducing agent,  Oxidizing agent,  NAD⁺,  Electron transport chain,  Final electron acceptor,  Glycolysis,  Pyruvate oxidation,  Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle),  Carbon dioxide,  Oxidative phosphorylation,  Substrate-level phosphorylation,  Acetyl CoA,  Cytochromes,  ATP synthase,  Chemiosmosis,  Proton-motive force,  Alcohol fermentation,  Lactic acid fermentation,  Obligate anaerobe,  Facultative anaerobe,  Beta oxidation,  Photosynthesis,  Autotroph,  Heterotroph,  Mesophyll,  Stomata,  Thylakoid,  Chlorophyll,  Light reaction,  Calvin cycle,  Dark reaction (Calvin cycle),  NADP⁺,  Photophosphorylation,  Carbon fixation,  Wavelength,  Electromagnetic spectrum,  Visible light,  Photon,  Spectrophotometer,  Absorption spectrum,  Chlorophyll a,  Action spectrum,  Chlorophyll b,  Carotenoids,  Photosystems,  Reaction center (complex),  Light-harvesting complex,  Primary electron acceptor,  Photosystem II,  Photosystem I,  Cyclic electron flow,  Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P),  Carbon fixation,  Rubisco,  Reduction,  Regeneration of the CO₂ acceptor (BuBP),  C₃ plants,  Photorespiration,  Bundle-sheath cells,  PEP carboxylase,  Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM),  CAM plants Cell,  Cell biology,  Microscopy,  Light microscopy (microscope),  Organelle,  Electron microscope,  Scanning electron microscope,  Transmission electron microscope,  Cell fractionation,  Cytosol,  Eukaryotic cell,  Prokaryotic cell,  Cytoplasm,  Plasma membrane,  Cell nucleus (nucleus),  Nuclear membrane,  Nuclear envelope,  Nuclear lamina,  Chromosome,  Chromatin,  Nucleolus,  Ribosome,  Endomembrane system,  Vesicle,  Endoplasmic reticulum (ER),  Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER),  Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER),  Glycoprotein,  Transport vesicle,  Golgi apparatus,  Lysosome,  Endocytosis,  Phagocytosis,  Vacuole,  Food vacuole,  Contractile vacuole,  Central vacuole,  Mitochondria,  Chloroplast,  Endosymbiont (theory),  Cristae,  Mitochondrial matrix,  Thylakoid,  Granum,  Stroma,  Plastid,  Peroxisome,  Cytoskeleton,  Motor protein,  Microtubule,  Centrosome,  Centrioles,  Flagella (eukaryotic),  Cilia,  Basal body,  Dyneins,  Microfilament,  Actin,  Cortex,  Myosin,  Pseudopodia,  Cytoplasmic streaming,  Intermediate filaments,  Cell wall,  Primary cell wall,  Middle lamella,  Secondary cell wall,  Extracellular matrix (ECM),  Collagen,  Proteoglycans,  Fibronectin,  Integrins,  Cell junctions,  Plasmodesmata,  Tight junctions,  Desmosomes,  Gap junections,  Cell signaling,  Signal transduction pathway,  Local regulators,  Hormones,  (Paracrine signaling) Reception,  Signal transduction (transduction),  Response,  Ligand,  (Receptor protein),  G protein linked (coupled) receptor,  G protein,  Tyrosine kinase receptor (receptor tyrosine kinase),  Ligand-gated channel,  Protein kinase,  Protein phosphatase,  Second messenger,  Cyclic AMP,  Adenylyl cyclase,  Inositol triphosphate (IP₃)